| @metadata | | sourceLanguage | "en" |
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| priorityLanguages | |
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| allowOnlyPriorityLanguages | true |
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| description | "video in Test Rerun Course - Learn the skills Topics for Impact organizers need to run consistent, high-impact campaigns that invite new contributors, partners, and supporters to the movement. " |
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| display_name | "Video" |
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| subtitle-7440-9990-1 | "- So there are many different theories of gender," |
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| subtitle-9990-11910-2 | "and mine is just one." |
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| subtitle-11910-15150-3 | "Sometimes, people who really hate gender" |
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| subtitle-15150-18330-4 | "name me as the one who made this up," |
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| subtitle-18330-19923-5 | "but that's actually not true." |
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| subtitle-21000-24123-6 | "You know, in my view, everybody has a theory of gender," |
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| subtitle-25620-26760-7 | "and what I mean by that" |
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| subtitle-26760-29220-8 | "is that everybody has certain assumptions going" |
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| subtitle-29220-31770-9 | "about what gender is or should be." |
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| subtitle-31770-33727-10 | "And at a certain point in life, we ask ourselves," |
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| subtitle-33727-35912-11 | ""Wow, where'd that assumption come from?"" |
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| subtitle-35912-38550-12 | "(Judith laughs)" |
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| subtitle-38550-39720-13 | "At this point," |
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| subtitle-39720-42510-14 | "I'm less concerned about whose theory is right" |
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| subtitle-42510-44070-15 | "and whose theory is wrong" |
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| subtitle-44070-46020-16 | "because the assault on gender" |
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| subtitle-46020-48870-17 | "is also an assault on democracy." |
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| subtitle-48870-51870-18 | "We have the power and the freedom" |
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| subtitle-51870-54090-19 | "to make more livable lives for ourselves," |
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| subtitle-54090-58080-20 | "where bodies can be more free to breathe, to move, to love" |
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| subtitle-58080-61473-21 | "without discrimination and without fear of violence." |
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| subtitle-62490-63690-22 | "I am Judith Butler," |
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| subtitle-63690-66840-23 | "distinguished professor in the graduate school" |
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| subtitle-66840-70590-24 | "at the University of California at Berkeley." |
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| subtitle-70590-74280-25 | "I teach literature, philosophy, and critical theory," |
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| subtitle-74280-77197-26 | "and I'm most well-known for my two books on gender," |
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| subtitle-77197-78420-27 | ""Gender Trouble"" |
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| subtitle-78420-81720-28 | "and "Bodies That Matter" from the early 1990s." |
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| subtitle-81720-86406-29 | "My work has been translated into more than 27 languages." |
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| subtitle-86406-89156-30 | "(pensive music)" |
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| subtitle-91796-94440-31 | "I insist that what it is to be a woman," |
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| subtitle-94440-97710-32 | "or indeed what it is to be a man or any other gender," |
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| subtitle-97710-100460-33 | "is an open-ended question." |
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| subtitle-100460-101730-34 | "(pensive music)" |
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| subtitle-101730-106410-35 | "We have a whole range of differences, biological in nature," |
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| subtitle-106410-108330-36 | "so I don't deny them," |
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| subtitle-108330-110490-37 | "but I don't think they determine who we are" |
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| subtitle-110490-113283-38 | "in some sort of final way." |
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| subtitle-114120-116370-39 | "At the heart of these controversies" |
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| subtitle-116370-118950-40 | "is the distinction between sex and gender." |
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| subtitle-118950-120300-41 | "But what is that distinction?" |
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| subtitle-120300-122373-42 | "How do we think about it?" |
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| subtitle-123240-128240-43 | "Sex is generally a category that is assigned to infants" |
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| subtitle-128910-133350-44 | "that has importance within medical and legal worlds." |
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| subtitle-133350-137820-45 | "Gender is a mix of cultural norms, historical formations," |
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| subtitle-137820-142820-46 | "family influence, psychic realities, desires, and wishes." |
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| subtitle-143130-145353-47 | "And we have a say in that." |
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| subtitle-147000-150360-48 | "My early life was affected by the 1960s" |
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| subtitle-150360-154320-49 | "and the social movements that took shape during that time." |
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| subtitle-154320-156720-50 | "I grew up on the East side of Cleveland," |
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| subtitle-156720-159510-51 | "part of a Jewish community," |
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| subtitle-159510-161850-52 | "and by the time I was in high school," |
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| subtitle-161850-163080-53 | "I was politically active." |
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| subtitle-163080-167103-54 | "But I was also taking university courses in philosophy." |
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| subtitle-167970-169950-55 | "In my 20s, I came to see" |
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| subtitle-169950-173460-56 | "that it was not just the Jews who were apprehended" |
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| subtitle-173460-177450-57 | "and extinguished by the Nazi regime." |
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| subtitle-177450-180150-58 | "It was queer people, it was gay/lesbian people," |
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| subtitle-180150-181830-59 | "it was people with disabilities," |
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| subtitle-181830-185730-60 | "people with illnesses, Polish workers, communists." |
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| subtitle-185730-189750-61 | "And my sense was that one needed to widen the lens and see" |
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| subtitle-189750-193710-62 | "that many people have been subject to genocidal politics" |
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| subtitle-193710-194580-63 | "and to understand" |
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| subtitle-194580-197640-64 | "that there are different forms of oppression." |
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| subtitle-197640-201060-65 | "I remained convinced that one does need to know history" |
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| subtitle-201060-203250-66 | "in order to make sure it does not repeat" |
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| subtitle-203250-204780-67 | "and that one wants justice" |
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| subtitle-204780-207120-68 | "not just for the group to which one belongs," |
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| subtitle-207120-210183-69 | "but for any group that suffers in a similar way." |
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| subtitle-212790-215010-70 | "In the '70s and '80s," |
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| subtitle-215010-216870-71 | "I was part of a movement of people" |
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| subtitle-216870-219633-72 | "who were rethinking gender during that time." |
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| subtitle-220620-222540-73 | "Queer theory was emerging." |
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| subtitle-222540-226980-74 | "It was in a complicated conversation with feminism." |
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| subtitle-226980-229920-75 | "Trans issues had not yet surfaced" |
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| subtitle-229920-233340-76 | "as part of our contemporary reality," |
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| subtitle-233340-237577-77 | "so it was a moment in which we asked questions like," |
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| subtitle-237577-239190-78 | ""What has society made of us," |
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| subtitle-239190-242490-79 | "and what can we make of ourselves?"" |
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| subtitle-242490-245550-80 | "There were a number of versions of feminism" |
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| subtitle-245550-247290-81 | "that I tended to oppose." |
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| subtitle-247290-249150-82 | "One of them held that," |
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| subtitle-249150-251460-83 | "well, women are fundamentally mothers" |
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| subtitle-251460-254610-84 | "and that maternity is the essence of the feminine." |
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| subtitle-254610-256950-85 | "And then a second one thought" |
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| subtitle-256950-259019-86 | "that feminism was about sexual difference," |
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| subtitle-259019-261719-87 | "but the way they defined sexual difference" |
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| subtitle-261720-264990-88 | "was always presumptively heterosexual." |
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| subtitle-264990-269369-89 | "And both of them struck me as wrong." |
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| subtitle-269369-272070-90 | "I was pretty committed to the idea" |
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| subtitle-272070-274530-91 | "that people ought not to be discriminated against" |
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| subtitle-274530-277590-92 | "on the basis of what they do with their body," |
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| subtitle-277590-280350-93 | "who they love, or how they move, or how they look." |
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| subtitle-280350-283890-94 | "All I was saying is that the sex you're assigned at birth" |
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| subtitle-283890-288240-95 | "and the gender that you are taught to be" |
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| subtitle-288240-290998-96 | "should not determine how you live your life." |
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| subtitle-290998-294270-97 | "(film camera rolling)" |
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| subtitle-294270-296400-98 | "Sometimes, people point to "Gender Trouble"" |
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| subtitle-296400-298740-99 | "as the inception of gender theory," |
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| subtitle-298740-301470-100 | "but people were working on gender before me," |
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| subtitle-301470-303960-101 | "Gayle Rubin, and Juliet Mitchell," |
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| subtitle-303960-306450-102 | "and Simone de Beauvoir herself." |
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| subtitle-306450-310064-103 | "Simone de Beauvoir was an existential philosopher" |
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| subtitle-310064-312240-104 | "and a feminist philosopher" |
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| subtitle-312240-316680-105 | "who wrote "The Second Sex" in the 1940s." |
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| subtitle-316680-320160-106 | "The basic point is that one is not born a woman," |
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| subtitle-320160-324150-107 | "but rather becomes one, that the body is not a fact." |
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| subtitle-324150-327390-108 | "She opened up the possibility of a difference" |
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| subtitle-327390-330874-109 | "between the sex you're assigned and the sex you become." |
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| subtitle-330874-334230-110 | "(pensive music)" |
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| subtitle-334230-336960-111 | "Gayle Rubin was an anthropologist," |
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| subtitle-336960-338610-112 | "and remains an anthropologist," |
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| subtitle-338610-342000-113 | "who wrote an extremely influential article" |
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| subtitle-342000-344310-114 | "called "The Traffic in Women."" |
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| subtitle-344310-345870-115 | "And what she tried to say" |
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| subtitle-345870-348870-116 | "was that the family was a structure" |
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| subtitle-348870-352470-117 | "whose task it was to reproduce gender," |
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| subtitle-352470-354180-118 | "and one of the aims it had" |
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| subtitle-354180-359010-119 | "was to kind of keep heterosexuality looking really normal." |
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| subtitle-359010-362370-120 | "And although it was part of feminist anthropology" |
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| subtitle-362370-363690-121 | "at the time," |
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| subtitle-363690-366660-122 | "it allowed us to start thinking about gender" |
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| subtitle-366660-370200-123 | "as something that could be reproduced, crafted, cultivated," |
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| subtitle-370200-372720-124 | "and that there were systems, frameworks," |
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| subtitle-372720-375270-125 | "to which gender belongs." |
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| subtitle-375270-378300-126 | "There was one other dimension of Rubin's work" |
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| subtitle-378300-381900-127 | "which was, interestingly, psychoanalysis." |
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| subtitle-381900-383107-128 | "She basically said," |
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| subtitle-383107-386460-129 | ""Well, maybe there's a whole lot of repression" |
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| subtitle-386460-387990-130 | "going into becoming a man" |
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| subtitle-387990-391800-131 | "and a whole lot of repression going into becoming a woman,"" |
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| subtitle-391800-396150-132 | "and that one of the things we have to do to conform" |
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| subtitle-396150-397950-133 | "with existing gender norms" |
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| subtitle-397950-400620-134 | "is to rule out all those possibilities" |
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| subtitle-400620-404010-135 | "of being, feeling, doing, loving" |
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| subtitle-404010-408630-136 | "that don't line up with the gender norms" |
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| subtitle-408630-411270-137 | "that are governing our lives." |
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| subtitle-411270-414960-138 | "So anthropology, psychoanalysis," |
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| subtitle-414960-419250-139 | "they all had their place in that moment" |
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| subtitle-419250-422343-140 | "way before "Gender Trouble" emerged on the scene." |
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| subtitle-424500-427140-141 | "I think at the time that I wrote "Gender Trouble,"" |
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| subtitle-427140-430920-142 | "people treated gender as if it was a natural fact" |
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| subtitle-430920-433230-143 | "or a sociological reality," |
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| subtitle-433230-434280-144 | "but they didn't treat it" |
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| subtitle-434280-437280-145 | "as something that you could make and remake." |
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| subtitle-437280-441090-146 | "Performance is important to this extent" |
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| subtitle-441090-444210-147 | "that we do enact who we are," |
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| subtitle-444210-445950-148 | "and anybody in performance studies" |
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| subtitle-445950-447810-149 | "actually knows that there are performances" |
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| subtitle-447810-450870-150 | "that we do in our lives" |
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| subtitle-450870-454350-151 | "that are not mere performance, they're not fake." |
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| subtitle-454350-457890-152 | "When performative was first coined as a word," |
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| subtitle-457890-459870-153 | "the philosopher J.L. Austin" |
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| subtitle-459870-463350-154 | "was trying to understand legal utterances." |
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| subtitle-463350-468191-155 | "So when a judge says, "I declare you man and wife,"" |
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| subtitle-468191-472920-156 | "you become man and wife once that declaration has happened." |
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| subtitle-472920-475173-157 | "That's not fake, that happened." |
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| subtitle-476130-478710-158 | "Now, what if we were to say" |
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| subtitle-478710-483710-159 | "that in enacting our lives as a particular gender," |
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| subtitle-484560-488160-160 | "we are actually realizing that gender anew," |
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| subtitle-488160-492570-161 | "we are making something real happen." |
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| subtitle-492570-494760-162 | "When gay and lesbian people started coming out" |
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| subtitle-494760-497640-163 | "or when trans people started living openly," |
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| subtitle-497640-500400-164 | "something changed in the world." |
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| subtitle-500400-505400-165 | "By appearing, speaking, acting in certain ways," |
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| subtitle-506040-508200-166 | "reality changed." |
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| subtitle-508200-510690-167 | "And it has changed." |
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| subtitle-510690-513419-168 | "We are seeing the changing of terms." |
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| subtitle-513419-517349-169 | "We no longer speak about family, woman, man, desire," |
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| subtitle-517350-519570-170 | "sex in the same way." |
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| subtitle-519570-522001-171 | "Even the Cambridge Dictionary" |
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| subtitle-522001-523619-172 | "(Judith laughs)" |
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| subtitle-523620-527040-173 | "acknowledges that something has changed." |
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| subtitle-527040-530820-174 | "Okay, so when we talk about performative," |
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| subtitle-530820-532350-175 | "we're talking about an act" |
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| subtitle-532350-535140-176 | "that makes something come into being" |
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| subtitle-535140-537480-177 | "or an act that has real consequences." |
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| subtitle-537480-539703-178 | "We're talking about the changing of reality." |
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| subtitle-542010-545490-179 | "Even among progressive and liberal people I know," |
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| subtitle-545490-549810-180 | "there can sometimes be a real resistance" |
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| subtitle-549810-553800-181 | "to thinking about trans rights, or lesbian and gay rights," |
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| subtitle-553800-556083-182 | "or even women's rights." |
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| subtitle-557310-560610-183 | "They sometimes say that these are secondary issues" |
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| subtitle-560610-562920-184 | "or it simply makes them uncomfortable." |
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| subtitle-562920-564960-185 | ""Why should I have to refer to someone" |
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| subtitle-564960-567960-186 | "as a he, or a she, or a they?"" |
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| subtitle-567960-570090-187 | "And yet, at least in the US," |
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| subtitle-570090-574020-188 | "we've learned how to talk about Black people differently" |
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| subtitle-574020-577110-189 | "or we talk about women differently." |
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| subtitle-577110-578460-190 | "And sure, it was probably hard" |
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| subtitle-578460-580770-191 | "to learn how to use new language." |
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| subtitle-580770-583320-192 | "Maybe we had to adjust our habits." |
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| subtitle-583320-585060-193 | "But stumbling is part of learning" |
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| subtitle-585060-587520-194 | "and making an error is part of learning," |
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| subtitle-587520-590013-195 | "especially when we're learning something new." |
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| subtitle-591570-594120-196 | "Sometimes, we can all be vitriolic, right?" |
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| subtitle-594120-598470-197 | "Some certain statements will set me off and I will scream," |
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| subtitle-598470-600690-198 | "but if I only were to do that," |
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| subtitle-600690-603543-199 | "then I would never be having a conversation with anyone." |
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| subtitle-604380-607410-200 | "I think we all want to be the moral center of our universe," |
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| subtitle-607410-608977-201 | "like, "That's right, that's wrong."" |
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| subtitle-608977-610657-202 | ""You're canceled, you're not."" |
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| subtitle-610657-613080-203 | ""You're with me, you're against me."" |
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| subtitle-613080-616110-204 | "But we have to allow ourselves to be challenged" |
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| subtitle-616110-621110-205 | "and accept the invitation to revise our ways of thinking" |
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| subtitle-621450-624330-206 | "because that's the only way of being open" |
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| subtitle-624330-627990-207 | "to people who are trying to make their claim sometimes" |
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| subtitle-627990-629700-208 | "for the very first time, to be heard," |
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| subtitle-629700-631443-209 | "to be known, to be acknowledged." |
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| subtitle-633030-634530-210 | "(uplifting music)" |
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| subtitle-634530-639300-211 | "Now, I'm less interested in defending a theory of gender." |
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| subtitle-639300-641760-212 | "I'm much more concerned" |
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| subtitle-641760-645570-213 | "with finding creative and effective ways" |
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| subtitle-645570-648843-214 | "of countering the attack on gender." |
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| subtitle-649740-653550-215 | "One problem is that many people who refuse" |
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| subtitle-653550-657690-216 | "to allow trans people to define themselves" |
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| subtitle-657690-660570-217 | "is that they feel that their own self-definition" |
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| subtitle-660570-662223-218 | "is destabilized." |
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| subtitle-663150-667080-219 | "The idea that we can change reality, transform reality" |
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| subtitle-667080-671370-220 | "to be more open, inclusive, just less violent -" |
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| subtitle-671370-672900-221 | "there's an instability in that" |
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| subtitle-672900-674430-222 | "that's very frightening to people" |
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| subtitle-674430-677220-223 | "who want to understand their genders as fixed." |
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| subtitle-677220-680070-224 | "But is anybody's gender necessary and universal," |
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| subtitle-680070-683640-225 | "or is it a complicated emergence" |
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| subtitle-683640-686220-226 | "that happens with each of us?" |
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| subtitle-686220-689400-227 | "Our deepest sense of self is also formed in time," |
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| subtitle-689400-692810-228 | "and we can't always know, in advance, what that will be." |
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| subtitle-692810-695010-229 | "(uplifting music)" |
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| subtitle-695010-697980-230 | "Freedom is a struggle because there's so much in our world" |
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| subtitle-697980-700320-231 | "that's telling us not to be free with our bodies." |
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| subtitle-700320-704100-232 | "And if we are seeking to love in a free way, to live," |
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| subtitle-704100-705720-233 | "and move in a free way," |
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| subtitle-705720-708903-234 | "we actually have to struggle to claim that freedom." |
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| subtitle-710100-712650-235 | "When we live in a democracy," |
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| subtitle-712650-714420-236 | "we assume that we're living" |
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| subtitle-714420-716820-237 | "according to certain principles -" |
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| subtitle-716820-719370-238 | "equality, freedom, justice -" |
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| subtitle-719370-723540-239 | "and yet we're constantly learning what freedom is," |
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| subtitle-723540-727440-240 | "and what equality is, and what justice can be." |
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| subtitle-727440-728850-241 | "And those challenges, right," |
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| subtitle-728850-731850-242 | "the anti-slavery movement, the suffrage movement," |
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| subtitle-731850-735720-243 | "the movement for LGBTQIA+ rights," |
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| subtitle-735720-738870-244 | "I mean, each of those struggles" |
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| subtitle-738870-743870-245 | "involve challenging people's existing ideas of:" |
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| subtitle-743940-744903-246 | "Who's equal?" |
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| subtitle-745890-748170-247 | "Who has the right to be free?" |
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| subtitle-748170-750063-248 | "And how do we define justice?" |
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| subtitle-750900-755340-249 | "We are, all the time, struggling to achieve that goal." |
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| subtitle-755340-757650-250 | "We need to reoccupy these notions" |
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| subtitle-757650-760620-251 | "and show that concerns with racial justice," |
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| subtitle-760620-763290-252 | "and gender equality, and gender freedom" |
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| subtitle-763290-767070-253 | "are an integral part of any democratic struggle," |
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| subtitle-767070-769890-254 | "especially if we want to rethink who the people are" |
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| subtitle-769890-774402-255 | "and what it means for them to live in freedom without fear." |
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| subtitle-774402-777810-256 | "(uplifting music)" |
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| subtitle-777810-780750-257 | "- [Crew] Let's just wrap up the gender stuff." |
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| subtitle-780750-782460-258 | "Unless you want to take a break from gender," |
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| subtitle-782460-783750-259 | "we can go back to that." |
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| subtitle-783750-785910-260 | "Do you want to get..." |
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| subtitle-785910-787530-261 | "Let me give you the prompt for the last-" |
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| subtitle-787530-790650-262 | "- My whole life, I've wanted to take a break from gender." |
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| subtitle-790650-792723-263 | "I can never take a break from gender." |
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| subtitle-793710-795000-264 | "- [Announcer] Get smarter faster" |
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| subtitle-795000-797880-265 | "with videos from the world's biggest thinkers." |
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| subtitle-797880-800820-266 | "To learn even more from the world's biggest thinkers," |
|---|
| subtitle-800820-803043-267 | "get Big Think+ for your business." |
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